/* premnaraindas.com, redesign of 29 October 2026: editorial dossier.
   Self-hosted type, latin subsets, SIL Open Font License 1.1 (see /assets/fonts/LICENSE-fonts.txt) */
@font-face { font-family: "Newsreader"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url("/assets/fonts/newsreader-italic.woff2") format("woff2"); }
@font-face { font-family: "Newsreader"; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400 600; font-display: swap; src: url("/assets/fonts/newsreader-roman.woff2") format("woff2"); }
@font-face { font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url("/assets/fonts/plex-sans-italic.woff2") format("woff2"); }
@font-face { font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400 600; font-display: swap; src: url("/assets/fonts/plex-sans-roman.woff2") format("woff2"); }
:root {
  --bg: #f7f5f0;
  --panel: #ece8df;
  --ink: #141413;
  --ink-2: #4a4a46;
  --ink-3: #2b2b28;
  --line: #d9d4c8;
  --line-soft: #e6e1d6;
  --accent: #0b5f6e;
  --lit: #2fb3c7;
  --dark: #141413;
  --dark-line: #3a3a37;
  --dark-ink: #f7f5f0;
  --dark-ink-2: #d9d4c8;
  --serif: "Newsreader", "Iowan Old Style", "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, serif;
  --sans: "IBM Plex Sans", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
  --mono: ui-monospace, "Cascadia Mono", "SF Mono", Consolas, monospace;
}
/* Light only, by decision (28 Oct 2026): the audience is executives and the site must look the same on every device and in every link preview. Dark surfaces are deliberate bands, never a theme. One accent on light (teal), the same accent lit on dark (cyan), buttons in ink. */
* { box-sizing: border-box; }
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; scroll-behavior: smooth; color-scheme: light; }
body { margin: 0; background: var(--bg); color: var(--ink); font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.6; }
a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 0.16em; }
a:hover { text-decoration-thickness: 2px; }
img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }
h1, h2, h3, .serif { font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.08; letter-spacing: -0.012em; margin: 0; }
p { margin: 0 0 18px; }
.wrap { width: min(100% - 40px, 1120px); margin-inline: auto; }
.lab, .eyebrow { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-2); font-weight: 500; margin: 0 0 12px; }
.lab b { display: block; font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 40px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0; color: var(--ink); line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.lede { font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; color: var(--ink-3); }
.muted { color: var(--ink-2); }
.small { font-size: 15px; }
.meta { color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 14px; }
.prose { max-width: 62ch; }
.prose h2 { font-size: 40px; margin: 40px 0 16px; }
.prose h3 { font-size: 24px; margin: 28px 0 10px; }
.prose ul, .prose ol { margin: 0 0 18px; padding-left: 22px; }
.prose li { margin-bottom: 8px; }
hr { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); margin: 40px 0; }
code, .mono { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.9em; }
blockquote { border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); margin: 0 0 18px; padding: 4px 0 4px 20px; font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.4; }

/* header and footer */
.skip { position: absolute; left: -999px; }
.skip:focus { left: 1rem; top: 1rem; background: var(--bg); padding: 0.5em 1em; z-index: 10; }
.site-header { border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); }
.site-header .wrap { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 10px 24px; padding: 22px 0 18px; }
.brand { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 1.1; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); padding-left: 12px; }
nav.primary { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 26px; }
nav.primary a { color: var(--ink-2); text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.02em; padding: 2px 0; }
nav.primary a:hover, nav.primary a[aria-current="page"] { color: var(--ink); box-shadow: inset 0 -2px 0 var(--accent); }
main { flex: 1; }
.page { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; }
.site-footer { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 36px 0 56px; }
.foot { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 2fr 1fr 1fr; gap: 24px; font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink-2); }
.foot p { margin: 0 0 12px; }
.foot ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; }
.foot li { margin-bottom: 6px; }
.foot a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.foot a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }

/* buttons */
.btn { display: inline-block; background: var(--ink); color: var(--dark-ink); text-decoration: none; padding: 13px 20px; border-radius: 2px; font-weight: 500; font-size: 15px; }
.btn:hover { background: var(--accent); }
.btn.ghost { background: transparent; color: var(--ink); border: 1px solid var(--ink); }
.btn.ghost:hover { background: transparent; color: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }
.btn.light { background: var(--dark-ink); color: var(--ink); }
.btn.light:hover { background: var(--lit); }

/* numbered sections with a label column */
.sec { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 40px; padding: 56px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.sec h2 { font-size: 40px; margin: 0 0 20px; }
.sec p { max-width: 62ch; }
.intro { padding: 48px 0; max-width: 860px; }
h1 { font-size: 48px; margin: 0 0 20px; }
h2 { font-size: 32px; margin: 40px 0 16px; }
h3 { font-size: 24px; margin: 28px 0 10px; }
.h1 { font-size: 56px; margin: 0 0 20px; }
.hero { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(0, 5fr); gap: 48px; align-items: center; padding: 40px 0 48px; }
.hero .h1 { font-size: 58px; max-width: 16ch; margin-bottom: 26px; }
.hero-book .h1 { font-size: 72px; margin-bottom: 16px; }
.hero-test .h1 { font-size: 64px; margin-bottom: 24px; }
main > .wrap > .prose:first-child { padding-top: 40px; }
main > .wrap:last-child > .prose:last-child { padding-bottom: 64px; }
.hero img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; object-fit: cover; border-radius: 2px; }
.hero-book { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 320px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 56px; align-items: center; padding: 48px 0 56px; }
.hero-book img { width: 100%; box-shadow: 0 18px 44px rgba(20, 20, 19, 0.28); }
.hero-test { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 40px; padding: 48px 0 56px; align-items: start; }
.def { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.3; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0; max-width: 30ch; }
.pull { font-family: var(--serif); font-style: italic; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.25; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 28px 0 0; padding-left: 22px; border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); max-width: 26ch; }
figure { margin: 0; }
figcaption { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.06em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: 10px; }
.bleed { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 7; object-fit: cover; border-radius: 2px; }
.over { position: relative; margin-top: -120px; }
.over > div { background: var(--bg); padding: 36px 40px 8px; max-width: 760px; border-radius: 2px; }

/* credential strip */
.strip { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); border-top: 1px solid var(--ink); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; }
.strip > * { padding: 22px 24px 22px 0; border-right: 1px solid var(--line); }
.strip > *:last-child { border-right: 0; }
.strip > * + * { padding-left: 24px; }
.strip strong { display: block; font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 500; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 6px; }
.strip span { font-size: 13px; color: var(--ink-2); letter-spacing: 0.02em; }
.strip a { color: inherit; text-decoration-color: var(--line); }

/* the four dimensions */
.dims { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 2px; background: var(--line); border: 2px solid var(--line); max-width: 760px; }
.dims > div { background: var(--bg); padding: 24px 26px 28px; }
.dims span { display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: 10px; }
.dims h3 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.1; }
.dims p { margin: 0; font-size: 15px; color: var(--ink-2); max-width: none; }

/* numbered rows */
.rows, .fw { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.rows li, .fw li { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 60px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 20px; padding: 22px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.fw li { padding: 18px 0; }
.rows .n, .fw .n { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 28px; line-height: 1; color: var(--accent); }
.rows h3, .fw h3 { margin: 0 0 6px; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.15; }
.fw h3 { font-size: 22px; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.rows p, .fw p { margin: 0; font-size: 16px; color: var(--ink-2); max-width: 60ch; }
.fw p { font-size: 15px; max-width: 64ch; }

/* books */
.books { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 40px; }
.books a { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 150px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: inherit; align-items: start; }
.books img { width: 150px; box-shadow: 0 10px 28px rgba(20, 20, 19, 0.22); }
.books h3 { margin: 4px 0 8px; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.1; }
.books p { margin: 0; font-size: 15px; color: var(--ink-2); }
.books-s { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 32px; }
.books-s a { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 96px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 18px; text-decoration: none; color: inherit; align-items: start; }
.books-s img { width: 96px; box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(20, 20, 19, 0.22); }
.books-s h3 { margin: 2px 0 6px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.12; }
.books-s p { margin: 0; font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink-2); }
.coe { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 40px; align-items: start; }
.coe img { width: 100%; box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(20, 20, 19, 0.24); }
.coe h2 { font-size: 36px; }

/* dark band */
.band { background: var(--dark); color: var(--dark-ink); padding: 56px 0; margin-top: 8px; }
.band .wrap { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 40px; align-items: center; }
.band h2 { font-size: 40px; margin: 0 0 12px; color: var(--dark-ink); }
.band p { margin: 0 0 20px; max-width: 58ch; color: var(--dark-ink-2); }

/* speaking */
.talk { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 180px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 28px; padding: 28px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.talk:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.talk .aud { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0; }
.talk h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1.12; letter-spacing: -0.01em; }
.talk p { margin: 0 0 10px; max-width: 66ch; }
.talk .fmt { font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0; }
.stages { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; columns: 2; column-gap: 40px; }
.stages li { break-inside: avoid; padding: 10px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft); font-size: 15px; }
.stages li strong { display: block; font-weight: 500; color: var(--ink); }
.stages li span { color: var(--ink-2); }
.mosaic { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 10px; margin-top: 28px; }
.mosaic img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; object-fit: cover; border-radius: 2px; }
.mosaic figcaption { font-size: 12px; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: 6px; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: 0; }
.rec { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 20px; }
.video { position: relative; aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; background: var(--dark); border-radius: 2px; overflow: hidden; }
.video img, .video iframe, .video video { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; border: 0; }
.video button { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(20,20,19,0.75), rgba(20,20,19,0.1)); border: 0; cursor: pointer; color: var(--dark-ink); font: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-end; align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px; text-align: left; gap: 6px; }
.video button .play { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; font-size: 13px; color: var(--dark-ink-2); }
.video button .play::before { content: ""; display: inline-block; width: 0; height: 0; border-left: 12px solid #fff; border-top: 8px solid transparent; border-bottom: 8px solid transparent; }
.video button .vtitle { font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 500; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.2; }
.vcap { font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 10px 0 0; }
.more, .recordings { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 20px 0 0; font-size: 15px; }
.more li, .recordings li { padding: 9px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft); }
.two { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 40px; }
.two h3 { font-size: 24px; margin: 0 0 12px; }
.two p { font-size: 16px; }

/* tables */
table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 15px; }
th, td { text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding: 11px 14px 11px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
th { font-weight: 500; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase; width: 150px; padding-top: 14px; }

/* the scorer */
.score { background: var(--dark); color: var(--dark-ink); padding: 36px 40px; border-radius: 2px; max-width: 760px; margin: 0 0 22px; }
.score ol { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 24px; }
.score li { padding: 16px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--dark-line); }
.score label { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 40px; gap: 16px; align-items: start; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; }
.score .val { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 28px; line-height: 1; text-align: right; color: var(--lit); margin: 0; }
.score input[type="range"] { width: 100%; max-width: 460px; accent-color: var(--lit); display: block; margin-top: 10px; grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.total { display: grid; grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 24px; align-items: baseline; }
.total .big { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 88px; line-height: 0.9; letter-spacing: -0.03em; }
.total .big small { font-size: 28px; color: var(--dark-ink-2); letter-spacing: 0; margin-left: 6px; }
.total .band-name { display: block; font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 500; font-size: 26px; color: var(--lit); margin-bottom: 6px; }
.total .note { margin: 0; font-size: 15px; color: var(--dark-ink-2); max-width: none; }
.total .note + .note { margin-top: 8px; }
.not { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.not li { padding: 16px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); display: grid; grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 20px; }
.not li strong { font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 500; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.15; }
.not li p { margin: 0; font-size: 16px; color: var(--ink-2); max-width: none; }
.faq details { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 14px 0; }
.faq details:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.faq summary { cursor: pointer; font-weight: 500; list-style: none; font-size: 17px; }
.faq summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.faq summary::before { content: "+"; display: inline-block; width: 1.3em; color: var(--accent); font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 22px; line-height: 0; }
.faq details[open] summary::before { content: "\2013"; }
.faq details p { margin: 10px 0 0 1.3em; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 16px; }
.cite { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.4; padding-left: 20px; border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); margin: 0 0 18px; }

/* writing */
.feat { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 24px; }
.feat a { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; text-decoration: none; color: inherit; padding: 22px 22px 24px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 2px; min-height: 230px; }
.feat a:hover { border-color: var(--ink); }
.feat .k { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); font-weight: 500; }
.feat h3 { margin: 0; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.18; letter-spacing: -0.01em; }
.feat p { margin: auto 0 0; font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink-2); max-width: none; }
.list { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.list li { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 150px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 20px; padding: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft); font-size: 16px; }
.list .d { font-size: 13px; color: var(--ink-2); padding-top: 3px; letter-spacing: 0.02em; }
.list a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; }
.list a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.list span.m { display: block; font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink-2); font-weight: 400; }

/* press */
.bio { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 18px 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 120px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 20px; }
.bio:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.bio .w { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 28px; line-height: 1; color: var(--accent); margin: 0; }
.bio .w small { display: block; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: 6px; }
.bio p { margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 16px; max-width: 66ch; }
.quotes { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 2px; background: var(--line); border: 2px solid var(--line); }
.quotes > div { background: var(--bg); padding: 22px 22px 20px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; }
.quotes blockquote { margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.3; letter-spacing: -0.01em; }
.quotes span { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: auto; }
.heads { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 16px; }
.heads img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; object-fit: cover; border-radius: 2px; }
.heads figcaption { font-size: 12px; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: 8px; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: 0; }

/* compatibility for pages that keep the earlier markup (Lead Green, 404) */
.cards { display: grid; gap: 16px; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
.card { border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 2px; padding: 22px; }
.card h3 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 22px; }
.card p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
.list-plain { list-style: none; padding: 0; }
.list-plain li { padding: 13px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.list-plain li:first-child { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.mark { background: var(--dark); color: var(--dark-ink); border-radius: 2px; padding: 26px; }
.mark h2, .mark h3 { color: var(--dark-ink); margin-top: 0; }
.mark a, .mark .accent { color: var(--lit); }

/* phones and narrow windows */
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .hero, .hero-book, .hero-test, .sec, .band .wrap, .two, .coe { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
  .hero .h1, .hero-book .h1, .hero-test .h1, .h1 { font-size: 40px; max-width: none; }
  h1 { font-size: 36px; }
  .sec h2, .band h2, .prose h2 { font-size: 30px; }
  .lab b { font-size: 32px; }
  .hero img { max-width: 420px; }
  .hero-book img { max-width: 260px; }
  .strip { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .strip > * { border-right: 0; }
  .strip > * + * { padding-left: 0; }
  .talk { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 8px; }
  .stages { columns: 1; }
  .mosaic { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .rec, .books, .books-s, .feat, .foot, .cards, .quotes { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .heads { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .list li, .not li, .bio { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 4px; }
  .over { margin-top: -60px; }
  .over > div { padding: 24px 24px 4px; }
  .score { padding: 24px; }
  .total { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 12px; }
  .total .big { font-size: 64px; }
  .def { font-size: 24px; }
  .pull { font-size: 24px; }
  th { width: 110px; }
}
@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .dims { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .books a, .books-s a { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .strip { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .mosaic, .heads { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}